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Augsburg Interim
The Augsburg Interim (''"Declaration of His Roman Imperial Majesty on the Observance of Religion Within the Holy Empire Until the Decision of the General Council"'') is the general term given to an imperial decree ordered on 15 May 1548 at the 1548 Diet of Augsburg, after Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, had defeated the forces of the Schmalkaldic League in the Schmalkaldic War of 1546/47. The first draft of the twenty-six chapter decree was written by Julius von Pflug, but several theologians were involved in the final draft: on the Catholic side, Michael Helding, Eberhard Billick, Pedro Domenico Soto and Pedro de Malvenda; on the Protestant side, John Agricola.〔Ludwig Pastor, ''History of the Popes'', volume 12 pg 413〕 Although it ordered Protestants to readopt traditional Catholic beliefs and practices, including the seven Sacraments,〔Acton, et al., p. 264.〕 it allowed for Protestant clergymen the right to marry and for the laity to receive communion in both kinds (bread and wine).〔Kagan, p. 367''〕 It is considered the first significant step in the process leading to the political and religious legitimization of Protestantism as a valid alternative Christian creed to Roman Catholicism finally realized in the 1552 Peace of Passau and the 1555 Peace of Augsburg. The Interim became Imperial law on 30 June 1548.〔Johann Kurtz, ''History of the Christian Church'', volume 3 pg 320〕〔Pastor, vol 12 pp 409-453〕 The Pope advised all bishops to abide by the concessions made to the Protestants in the Interim in August, 1549.〔Ludwig Pastor, ''History of the Popes'', volume 12 pg 440-41〕
==The Schmalkaldic War and the Battle of Mühlberg==
In June 1546, Pope Paul III entered into an agreement with Holy Roman Emperor Charles V to curb the spread of the Reformation. This agreement stated, in part:
In the name of God and with the help and assistance of his Papal Holiness, his Imperial Majesty should prepare himself for war, and equip himself with soldiers and everything pertaining to warfare against those who objected to the Council (Trent ), against the Smalcald League, and against all who were addicted to the false belief and error in Germany, and that he do so with all his power and might, in order to bring them back to the old faith and to the obedience of the Holy See.〔Bente, p. 219〕
Shortly thereafter, Maurice, the Duke (and later, Elector) of Albertine Saxony, invaded the lands of his rival and stepbrother in Ernestine Saxony, John Frederick, beginning the brief, but devastating, conflict known as the Schmalkaldic War. The military might of Maurice combined with that of Charles V proved to be overwhelming to John Frederick and the Schmalkaldic League. On 24 April 1547 the armies of the Schmalkaldic League were decisively defeated at the Battle of Mühlberg.
Following the defeat of the Schmalkaldic League at Mühlberg, Charles V’s forces took and occupied the Lutheran territories in quick succession. On 19 May 1547 Wittenberg, the heart of the Reformation, and final resting place of Martin Luther’s remains, fell to the Emperor without a fight.
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